Matter is composed of combinations of subatomic or fundemental particles made up of quarks bound together by glouns.
Electrons typically have a negative charge (negaton) but may also have a positive charge (positron). The charge of an electron is \(e = -1.60219 \cdot 10^{-19} \; [\text{C}]\). The process of electron annihilation occurs when a positron collides with a negatron releasing two of more photons known as annihilation radiation.
Protons have a positive charge equal and opposite to an electron.
Neutrons are electrically neutral and have a mass similar to a proton. Neutrons are not stable on their own; only when bounded within a nucleus. A free neutron decays into a proton with the emission of a negative electron and an antineutrino (\( \beta \) decay) in a process that takes about 12 minutes.
Photons are the particle associated with electromagnectic waves. Photons have no charge or mass and travel in vacuum at the speed of light (\( c = 2.9979 \cdot 10^8 \; [\text{m/s}]\) )
Neutrinos are another particle with no charge or mass. Those common to nuclear engineering are electron neutrinos and electron antineutrinos.
| Element | Mass \( \; [\text{kg}] \) | Charge \( \; [\text{C}] \) |
| Electron | \(9.10954 \cdot 10^{-31}\) | \(-1.60219 \cdot 10^{-19}\) |
| Proton | \(1.67265 \cdot 10^{-27}\) | \(1.60219 \cdot 10^{-19}\) |
| Neutron | \(1.67495 \cdot 10^{-27}\) | \(-\) |
| Photon | \(-\) | \(-\) |
| Neutrinos | \(-\) | \(-\) |