Permutations with Identical Terms

Often, you will deal with permutations in which some items are identical. you can develop a general formula for permutations in which some items are identical:

\(P = \cfrac{n!}{a!}\)

This formula represents \(P\) as the number of permuations, for a set of \(n\) items of which \(a\) are identical.

The number of permutations of a set of \(n\) objects containing \(a\) identical objects of one kind, \(b\) identical objects of a second kind, \(c\) identical objects of a third kind, and so on is:

\(P = \cfrac{n!}{a!b!c!....}\)

How many different ways can the letters in the word MISSISSIPPI be arranged?

There are 11 Total letters. Outlined below are the individual amounts for each letter:

  • \(\text{M} = 1\)
  • \(\text{I} = 4\)
  • \(\text{S} = 4\)
  • \(\text{P} = 2\)

Next, we can substitute these values into the equation and solve:

\(P = \cfrac{11!} {(1!) (4!) (4!) (2!)}\)

\(P = 34,650\)

Therefore, we can determine there are 34,650 different ways the word MISSISSIPPI can be arranged.


A shelf contains 7 books, where 3 are identical math books, and 2 are identical history books. How many different ways can the books be arranged?

There are 7 Total books. Outlined below are the subjects with their corresponding number of identical books:

  • \(\text{Math} = 3\)
  • \(\text{History} = 2\)

Next, we can substitute these values into the equation and solve:

\(P = \cfrac{7!}{(3!) (2!)}\)

\(P = 420\)

Therefore, we can determine the books can be arranged in 420 different ways.